Which part of the brain is responsible for autonomic body functions such as breathing and heart rate?

The brain stem is responsible for autonomic body functions such as breathing and heart rate. It serves as a critical connection between the brain and spinal cord, regulating vital functions necessary for survival. The components of the brain stem include the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, each of which plays a role in controlling involuntary processes like heart rate, respiratory rhythms, and blood pressure.

In contrast, the cerebrum is primarily involved in higher brain functions such as thought, action, and sensory processing. The cerebellum is important for motor control and coordination but does not directly regulate autonomic functions. The frontal lobe mainly focuses on cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and controlling behavior rather than involuntary bodily processes. Understanding the specific roles of these brain regions clarifies why the brain stem is the correct answer when discussing autonomic functions.